Scatter plot: A graphical technique for analyzing the relationship between two variables. Two data sets are represented in a graph, using the y-axis for the variable to be predicted and the x-axis for the variable to make the prediction. The graph shows the possible relationships (although two variables seem to be related, they may not be; those who know most about the variables should make this assessment). One of the « seven quality tools » (see list). The use of quality standards is voluntary, but this can be expected by some stakeholder groups. In addition, some organizations or government agencies may require suppliers and partners to use a particular standard as a condition of doing business. Quality: A subjective term for which each person or industry has its own definition. In technical use, quality can have two meanings: 1) the characteristics of a product or service that affect its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; 2) a product or service free of defects. According to Joseph Juran, quality means « ease of use »; According to Philip Crosby, this means « compliance with requirements ».
Failure costs: Costs resulting from the occurrence of defects. An element of the cost of quality or the cost of poor quality. These costs can be classified as internal or external. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI): A philosophy and attitude to analyze and repeatedly improve skills and processes to achieve customer satisfaction. Workflow: One of the three elements of standard work; refers to the sequence of operations in a single process that leads a ground worker to produce high-quality goods as efficiently as possible. George M. Low Trophy: An award given by NASA to contractors, subcontractors and suppliers to NASA`s aerospace industry who maintain and continuously improve the quality of their products and services. George M. Low was nasa`s administrator for nearly three decades. Reduced Inspection: Inspection according to a sampling plan that requires smaller samples than those used in normal inspection. Reduced inspection is used as an economic measure in some inspection systems if the quality level presented is sufficiently good and other specified conditions apply. Note: The criteria for determining whether the quality is « good enough » should be objectively defined for each inspection system.
Rethinking Statistics for Quality Control (Quality Engineer) With the increasing refinement of statistical process control methods, it becomes clear that the necessary tools have not been included in the courses that teach statistics in quality control. A basic description of these tools and their applications is provided. Success and Impact Chart: The Success and Impact Chart is a mix of the herringbone chart that uses « five whats » instead of « five whys » as an analytical tool to uncover the basic success of a process rather than the cause. PDCA Cycle (Plan-do-check-act): A four-step process for quality improvement. In the first step (plan), a way to improve is developed. In the second step (do), the plan is executed. In the third stage (verification), a study takes place between what was predicted and what was observed in the previous step. In the last step (act), steps must be taken to correct or improve the process. Quality has been defined as ease of use, compliance with requirements and the pursuit of excellence.
Although the concept of quality has existed since ancient times, the study and definition of quality was only highlighted in the last century. Quality tool: An instrument or technique for supporting and improving quality management and improvement activities. Quality Trilogy: A tripartite approach to quality management. The three pillars are quality planning (developing the products and processes required to meet customer needs), quality control (achieving product and process objectives) and quality improvement (achieving an unprecedented level of performance). Force Field Analysis: A technique for analyzing what helps an organization achieve a goal. An arrow pointing to a target is drawn in the middle of a sheet of paper. The factors that contribute to the achievement of the goal, the so-called driving forces, are listed on the left side of the arrow. The factors that hinder its realization, the so-called retained forces, are listed on the right side of the arrow. Cause and effect diagram: Process dispersion analysis tool. It is also called the « Ishikawa diagram » because Kaoru Ishikawa developed it, and the « herringbone diagram » because the complete diagram looks like a fish skeleton. The diagram illustrates the main causes and sub-causes that lead to an effect (symptom).
The cause-and-effect diagram is one of the « seven quality tools » (see list). International Automotive Task Force (IATF): An ad hoc group of automakers (e.B General Motors, Ford, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, BMW, Volkswagen and Renault) and their respective industry associations (e.B. Automotive Industry Action Group, Association of the Automotive Industry and Society of Automotive Manufacturers and Dealers) have joined forces to deliver better quality products to automotive customers around the world. New! Overall quality: The systematic design and implementation of quality processes worldwide, based on the exchange of information and best practices. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC): Two terms that have many interpretations due to the various definitions of the words « Assurance » and « Control ». For example, « insurance » may mean the act of trust, the state of security or the act of certainty; « Control » can mean an assessment to indicate the corrective reactions required, the act of leadership, or the state of a process in which variability is due to a constant system of random causes. (For a detailed explanation of the different definitions, see ANSI/ISO/ASQ A3534-2, Statistics – Vocabulary and symbols – Statistical quality control.) A definition of quality assurance is as follows: all planned and systematic activities that are implemented in the quality system and that give certainty that a product or service meets the quality requirements. One definition of quality control is: the operating techniques and activities used to meet quality requirements. However, often « quality assurance » and « quality control » are used interchangeably, referring to the measures taken to ensure the quality of a product, service or process.
Imperfection: The deviation of a quality element from its intended level or condition without any association with compliance with specifications, requirements, or ease of use of a product or service. See also « defect », « defect » and « non-conformity ». Customer-supplier partnership: A long-term relationship between a buyer and a supplier characterized by teamwork and mutual trust. The supplier is considered an extension of the buyer`s organization. The partnership is based on several commitments. The buyer offers long-term contracts and uses fewer suppliers. The supplier implements quality assurance processes so that the incoming inspection can be minimized. The supplier also helps the buyer reduce costs and improve product and process design. New! Basic Quality Concepts: Basic ideas and tools that define the quality of a product or service.
These include ease of use, histograms, process capacity indexes, cause-and-effect diagrams, failure mode and effect analyses, and control charts. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP): A quality system (p.B. 21 CFR, Part 58) for laboratories and organizations to ensure consistency, consistency, reliability, reproducibility, quality and integrity of the tests performed. Funded by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and some regulatory bodies around the world. Juran Trilogy: Three quality management processes identified by Joseph M. Juran: quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. When the ASQ conducted the 2011 Future of Quality Study (PDF), I informed the panel that quality for the purposes of the study is defined by what the panelist thought. This elicited an immediate and strong reaction from a professor at a major university who said that you cannot do research without a definition of what you are looking for.
And when I explained my dilemma in choosing a declarative definition, he said it didn`t matter which definition I chose. Anyone would lead to better research than none. And I wondered. After the Industrial Revolution and the rise of mass production, it became important to better define and control the quality of products. Originally, the goal of quality was to ensure that technical requirements are met in the final products. Later, as manufacturing processes became more complex, quality evolved into a discipline of controlling process variation as a means of producing quality products. MIL-Q-9858A: Military standard that describes requirements for quality programs. Quality Control: See « Quality Assurance/Quality Control ». Average process quality: Expected or average value of process quality. Average Output Quality (AOQ): The average quality level expected of an outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality. .
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